The causes of the war must be sought first in South African politics and secondly in international politics at the end of the 19th century. Because of their interrelationship these two causes are here treated as one.

To a certain extent it can be said that the seeds from which the war was to stem were sown during the Great Trek. This had as one of its most important results the fact that the second half of the 19th centuty after the two Boer republics, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, had gained their independence -was to see an increasing conflict between the political aims of the Afrikaners and the British. In events such as the Basuto wars, which the Free State had to wage for self-preservation, and the annexation of the diamond-fields, the germ of the development of Afrikaner nationalism is to be found. The annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 and the First Anglo-Boer War (1880-82) which it caused gave this nationalism such an impetus that it was to become a dominant factor in South African politics.

At the same time British imperialism in respect of South Africa was revealed. Imperialism was not by any means limited to Britain, but was a world-wide tendency. Other European powers, such as Germany, France and Italy, were also engaged in it. The result was the ‘scramble for Africa’, in which these powers competed with one another to establish colonies on the continent. This acquirement of colonies was chiefly motivated by the idea that the colonies would provide raw materials for British industries and at the same time would be markets for manufactured products. When other countries also became industrialised and established their own colonies, Britain could no longer consider herself one jump ahead of the rest of the world. This fact was of particular significance for South Africa.

The champion of the British imperialist cause in South Africa was Cecil John Rhodes, who became a member of the Cape Parliament in 1881 and rose to be Prime Minister in 1890. His great ideal was to bring the whole of South Africa under British control. He was to find his chief antagonist in President Paul Kruger of the Transvaal Republic, who became the leader of Afrikaner nationalism after 1881. Kruger’s great aim was to protect the political and economic independence of his state, to check British influence and to prevent British control. It was inevitable that there would be a clash between him and Rhodes, who succeeded, by the annexation of Bechuanaland and of Rhodesia, in surrounding the two Boer republics completely, precluding any further expansion on their part. After that the only outlet for them that was not in British hands was Delagoa Bay, to which the Transvaal built a railway, financed by German and Dutch capital.

The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in the Transvaal Republic in 1886 was to the advantage of British imperialism. Thousands of British subjects moved to the Transvaal to try their luck. They began to campaign for equal political rights, which the original Transvaalers could not grant for fear of losing their independence. After the agitation had continued for some years, some of the leading Uitlanders (foreigners) in Johannesburg conspired with Rhodes, which led to the abortive Jameson Raid at the end of 1895. This event not only marred the relations between English and Afrikaners in South Africa, but also revealed to an amazed world that Britain and Germany were no longer on very friendly terms. Germany had already invested a considerable amount of capital in the gold-mines, and besides she had an idea of gaining possession of Delagoa Bay. The Emperor William II was moved to send a congratulatory telegram to President Kruger on the failure of the Raid. This caused much indignation in Britain, and the Government, in which the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, was a leading figure, was determined to cut the knot in South Africa by terminating the independence of the Transvaal.

It was with this policy in view that Sir Alfred Milner, a convinced Imperialist, was sent to South Africa in 1897 by the British government as Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner in South Africa. He seized his opportunity at the beginning of 1899, when the Uitlanders in Johannesburg renewed their agitation. This time they sent a petition to Queen Victoria, begging for British support. Milner also urged interference on their behalf. Pres. M. T. Steyn of the Orange Free State, who feared that war would result and wished to prevent it, then invited both Kruger and Milner to a meeting in Bloemfontein to discuss the situation. The talks lasted from 31st May to the 5th June. The main subject was the granting of the franchise to British subjects who had settled on the Witwatersrand. Although Kruger made considerable concessions, Milner remained unsatisfied, as he was already contemplating the destruction of the independence of the Transvaal by military force. For this reason the Bloemfontein Conference failed.

After his return to Cape Town Milner urged the British government to send troops to South Africa, and they began to arrive in August and September. The Transvaal government now made further concessions regarding the franchise for foreigners, but these were not sufficient to satisfy Milner. The Orange Free State, as well as the Transvaal, saw in the arrival of the British forces a threat to their independence, and on 9th October an ultimatum was sent to the British government: if the troops were not removed, a state of war would exist between Britain and the Boer republics. And so the war began on 11th October 1899. A few days later Chamberlain stated in the House of Commons that the war was necessary to maintain Britain’s position in world affairs. The diminution of British power, owing to the rapid rise of important competitors, turned the problems in South Africa into a matter of prestige for Britain. She had to show that she could compel a recalcitrant small state to submit to British domination.

With royal approval, the B.S.A. Company presented silver medals to all who had participated in the various campaigns in Matabeleland and Mashonaland between 1893 and 1897. In 1926 authority was obtained to extend the award to members of the Pioneer Column of 1890. Suspended from an orange ribbon with three narrow vertical blue stripes by an ornate swivelling suspender incorporating the rose of England, the thistle of Scotland and the shamrock of Ireland, these silver medals, of which there are four varieties, all show on the obverse the diademed and veiled bust of Queen Victoria. On the reverse is a charging maned lion, an assagai shaft protruding from its chest, leaping across a pile of weapons such as were carried by a Matabele warrior – an ox-hide shield, a club and assagais.

B.S.A. Company’s medal for Mashonaland (1890), with bars for Mashonaland (1890) and Matabeleland (1893) reverse

B.S.A. Company’s medal for Matabeleland (1893), with bars for Rhodesia (1896) and Mashanaland (1897) reverse.

The first campaign medal granted for service in South Africa was the South Africa Medal 1835-53, which was authorised by the British government in 1854 and given to all regular troops – mainly British – who participated in the Frontier Wars of 1834-35, 1846-47 and 1850-53. This medal bears the diademed head of the young Queen Victoria, and on the reverse a lion crouching beside a protea bush, with the date 1853. The same medal, but with the date replaced by a Zulu shield and four crossed assagais, was given with various dated bars to British and Colonial troops – regular and volunteer – who participated in the Gaika-Galeka War of 1877-78, the Zulu War of 1879, and other local operations in South Africa in 1878 and 1879.

In 1854 Queen Victoria instituted the Distinguished Conduct Medal ‘as a mark of the Sovereign’s sense of the distinguished service and gallant conduct in the field of the army then serving in the Crimea’. This medal bears the reverse inscription For Distinguished Conduct in the Field. In 1896 regulations authorised domestic versions of this medal for award in various British colonies, including the Cape Colony and Natal. Very few of these medals were awarded, the Cape version during the Langeberg campaign of 1896, if at all, and the Natal medal during the Natal rebellion of 1906. Cape and Natal personnel who were awarded the D.C.M. during the Second Anglo Boer War received (with one exception) the British issue, not the domestic varieties.

Master Builder of Cape Town

William J. Morris was born on the 11th February 1826 in Oxon, England, and was employed by the Duke of Marlborough as a game keeper when he developed pulmonary tuberculosis during the severe winter of 1856. His doctor recommended that he move to a sunnier climate.

Not long after this William was accepted, together with his wife and three children, for the Sir George Grey Immigration Scheme. In screening the prospective applicants, there were some basic requirements: good health, sober habits, industrious, good moral character, and in the habit of working for wages (as promulgated by Act No. 8 of 1857). From these regulations it would seem that a person with T.B. would certainly not have been accepted, and as the gentleman in question lived to the grand age of 90, and certainly worked industriously on arrival in the Cape (not conducive to a sickly person) the circumstances appear to dispel such a legend.

Standard Bank, Adderley Street

The journey to the Cape was aboard the vessel named “Edward Oliver” under the command of Master J. Baker. The ship departed from Birkenhead on 10th July 1858, and after 57 days at sea arrived in Table Bay on 5th September 1858. Little is known about the voyage excepting 14 deaths were recorded and seven births took place on board. Listed as the ships surgeon was Dr. Fred Johnson as well as trained teacher Mr. Tom Gibbs who were to care for the passenger’s health and education. It is possible that it was not a pleasant journey for the Morris family remembering that the three children Richard, Kate and William were still young and the latter being under twelve months of age.

The majority of the artisans and tradesmen had been fixed up with immediate employment, as there was a great demand for skilled and semi-skilled men for the new railway track being constructed from Cape Town to Wellington, as well as the harbour construction project in Table Bay.

Not long after Williams arrival he leased some land at the top end of Duke Road in Rondebosch, then a distant suburb of Cape Town, and very reminiscent of Wychwood Forest and his native Oxfordshire. This piece of land was developed into a market garden and the family lived in a nearby cottage.

It was whilst William J. Morris and family were living in Rondebosch that on 29 April 1862 their youngest son Benjamin Charles Morris was born and baptized in St. Paul’s Anglican Church in Rondebosch, whereby his father (William) declared his occupation as a “gardener” and place of residence as “Rouwkoop Road”, Rondebosch. Click here to search these church records.

Benjamin Charles Morris's Baptism Record

Richard H. Morris was still a growing boy of just 8 years old. By the age of 14 years and still living in Rondebosch, he was indentured to Alexander Bain, a shipbuilder/shipwright of 17 Chiappini Street, Cape Town as an apprentice carpenter/shipwright.

Although the new suburban railway from Cape Town to Wynberg had been opened to the public in 1865, Richard was obliged to walk from Rondebosch to the North Wharf in Dock Road, Cape Town as transport was too expensive for his meager earnings. However, he was soon organized in getting a “lift” from the coachman he befriended who worked for the governor of Rustenburg House. Richard secured his free lift on the footman’s place at the rear of the coach, where he would sit in reasonable comfort for the journey which took him to the Castle. Unfortunately this mode of travel did not operate for the return journey home, nor did it operate during the winter months, so Richard just had to “jog”.

It would appear that the last train from Cape Town to Wynberg in the afternoons was scheduled for departure from the city at 5pm, but needless to say as an apprentice, Richard was still working at the shipyard. Despite the arduous circumstances of his youth, the enforced exercise proved most beneficial a few years later when he entered into competitive sport i.e. race rowing, especially as Richard was just over 5ft. tall and weighed less than 60 kilos.

During 1870, the Bain’s Shipyard was taken over by Mr. Christopher Robertson, as specialist in sailing ships and wooden masts, and as Richard was learning his trade with three other young apprentices, he was taught the art of shaping a sailing vessel’s mast with the hand spokeshave. The firm from then on was known as “Robertson & Bain” which continued operating in Dock Road, Cape Town for several decades, specializing in the supply of wooden masts for sea-going sailing ships.

Before carrying on with the life story of Richard H. Morris it is important to mention that the Anglican Church of St. Johns on the corner of Long and Waterkant Street had been built in 1856. It was at this church that during the 1860′s Richard became a choir boy and in 1872 a Sunday School Teacher.

In 1876 the Templar rowing club started in Cape Town where Richard and his brother were both members and enthusiastic oarsmen.

The christening of the personally constructed fast rowing boat by Richard came as no surprise by the owners of Robertson and Bain. The name of the boat was called the “Alpha”.

In 1882 the construction of a row of cottages built by Wm. J. Morris and his brother Richard (father & son) was started in Upper Church and Longmarket Streets and were to be called “Lorne Cottages” in honour of the Lorne Rowing Club which was started in Cape Town in 1875 and named after the Scottish Firth near Island of Mull of Kintyre.
On Saturday 6th June 1885 Richard married Helen Ann Lyell in St. John’s church. The newly married couple went that day to “Lorne Cottages” to make their permanent home and raise a family.

Richard and Helen Ann Lyell's Marriage Certificate

Helen was in fact a little girl of ten years old when she first encountered Richard. That was when he was in his twenties and he was late for work and was running along the road when he accidentally knocked over a little girl. He tried to console her, and from this time onwards a very special friendship developed.

It was in the same church that Richard’s younger brother William John married Matilda Jane Altree on 25th August 1886 and a younger brother married in St. Paul’s in Rondebosch on 14th September 1887. It is interesting to note that St. John’s Church was deconsecrated after the last evening service in June 1970 as the ground and building was sold, after much pressure from business interests, for an astronomical amount, and the church was completely demolished to make way for the present modern commercial complex known as “St. Johns Place”. Click here to search these church records.

In 1884 Richard Morris as cox and his brother of the “Templar Club” had their first win as champions winning both “Maiden Oarsmen” and “Championship of Table Bay” events.

In June 1878 Richard H. Morris went into partnership with friend & neighbour Chas. Algar from Rondebosch, who had known the Morris family for quite some time. Little known to Chas was that Richard was to be the future brother-in-law to his sister Bertha Algar.

The first workshops of Algar and Morris were at 39 Shortmarket Street, Cape Town. (between Long and Loop Street ). But misfortune was the cause of the break-up of the working partnerships as the 30-year-old Chas Algar died suddenly on 4th October 1883.

Banking institutions were now playing a major role in the economy of the country and in 1883 Richard Morris landed the contract to build the Standard Bank in Adderley Street for the amount of £32,000 – the two storied building was designed in neo-classical style by Charles Freeman. Two additional floors were added on by Morris in 1921.

Richard made a repeat performance in May 1885 wining the 2 mile race in 15 minutes and 55 seconds.

March 1886 saw the arrival of Richard and his wife Helen’s daughter Kate as well as Richard wining the “Champion of Table Bay” for the third consecutive year.

Eleven years after the death of Chas Algar, Richard Morris secured the construction contract for the new City Club in Queen Victoria Street for a sum of £22,000.

Between the years of 1888 and 1895 Helen Morris gave birth to Edith, Bertha and William Henry Morris, the only son to Richard.

By 1896 Richard H. Morris had become known as a builder of distinguished quality and workmanship and the fame of R.H. Morris had spread. Herbert Baker had met Richard on several occasions and took immediately to this man who built with such fine quality and precision. It was then that R.H. Morris secured the prestige contract for the restoration of “Groote Schuur”, after the building had been extensively destroyed by fire.

Richard H. Morris by 1899 had workshops in both 52 Rose Street and 173 Longmarket Street. In 1902 Frank Lardner joined the staff of R.H. Morris and in 1911 he became the manager.

Father, William James Morris, died at the old age of ninety years on 22 March 1915. In 1919 the company of R. H. Morris (Pty) Ltd was officially formed to cope with the new lumber contract in Knysna. It was from this time onwards that R.H. Morris was renowned throughout Southern Africa for the excellent workmanship and quality in carpentry all starting from old Mr. Morris himself. School desks, church pews and altars were manufactured in their joinery shop for years to come. The items were delivered as far away as Botswana, Rhodesia, Zambia and Mozambique. Along with the desk and school equipment Morris ink wells and stands were also produced.

The Morris workshop also manufactured one of the very few original gramophones that were ever produced in South Africa and which was called a “melophone”. Many of these items can be seen on display in the Educational Museum in Aliwal Road, Wynberg today.

Sadness unfortunately halted joy when Richard and Helen Morris celebrated their Golden Wedding Anniversary on 6th June 1935 and then on 24 July Helen tragically passed away at home as well as Bertha, wife of Benjamin Morris, on the 6th December.

Richard at the age of 83 years old in 1936 retired from the construction industry and handed the reigns over to Frank Lardner. Frank ran the company until 1942 when he passed away. The business was then handed over to a young civil engineer, Clifford Harris. The existing premises of Rose and Longmarket Street were finally vacated when the furniture workshops and Building /Civil Engineering were consolidated and new premises built in Ndabeni.

In April 1949 Richard Henry Morris succumbed to natural causes and passed away at the age of 95 years and 5 months.

This was certainly not the end of an era for R.H. Morris Pty Ltd – as in 1952 the company was given financial backing for the New Municipal Market at Epping in Cape Town by the British Engineering giant Humphreys. The firm is no longer associated with the family. Later the company was taken over by the Fowler Group and is now in the hands of Group Five Construction who have retained the image of the name in perpetuating the fine record of the founder Richard Henry Morris.

Many of the other buildings in Cape Town which were either completed by or alterations were performed on, include the University of Cape Town, Diocesan College in Rondebosch, Music School at U.C.T. as well as many Sir Herbert Baker buildings.

In 1995 when much of this research was done I managed to find a second “melophone” and an original “Morris” desk for sale which ex-Managing Director Frank Wright was extremely grateful for me finding these wonderful company artifacts. Shortly before the final documents were found I also located the grand nephew of R.H. Morris who very kindly gave me the medal won by Richard in the “Championship of Table Bay”. This is now on display in the boardroom of Group Five Construction in Plum Park, Plumstead in the Cape.

Authors: Heather MacAlister and H.W Haddon

Samson Rickard Stuttaford

Samson Rickard Stuttaford born in Helston, Cornwall, July 1833 and died in April 1914 London, England, departmental store pioneer, was the son of humble Cornish parents, Samson Pote Stuttaford and his wife, Anne.After attending school in Plymouth, Samson worked as a retail shop assistant in London before immigrating to the Cape in 1854 and three years later began a retail business in Cape Town. Here he opened his own draper’s shop in Harrington Street, moving to Darling Street three years later, where he was joined by his brother, William Foot Stuttaford. In 1867, when Prince Alfred – Queen Victoria ‘s youngest son – paid an official visit to the Colony, S.R. Stuttaford and Co. were appointed to supply goods to the royal party. In 1872 the firm moved again, this time to a portion of the Adderley Street site which it still occupies, and a Welsh immigrant, William Thorne, was taken in as a partner. At the same time a buying office was opened in London.

Over the next few decades Stuttaford greatly expanded the firm’s range of products to include ladies’ fashion goods, bicycles, cameras, and optical instruments; mail-order operations also were greatly extended and in 1894 the Stuttaford catalogue ran to over 700 pages. Meanwhile, a year earlier the firm had opened a branch in Pritchard Street, Johannesburg.

In November 1898 Stuttaford’s became a public company, with a share capital of £350 100. By that time William Foot had withdrawn from the enterprise; Thorne became chairman and Samson took up permanent residence in England as London director; his eldest son Richard who was born 13th June 1870 was appointed managing director in Cape Town.

After that Samson also became the owner of the well-known English men’s clothing business of Isaac Walton (London and Newcastle), and gained a major interest in Charles Baker, men’s and boys’ ready-to-wear clothiers of London.

Stuttaford's Store Adderley Street

In 1909, five years before his death, Stuttaford arranged for 3 000 preference shares in Stuttafords Ltd. to be donated to the South African College for ‘library purposes’; this gift was to play a major role in building up the library of what was to become the University of Cape Town. He married Elizabeth Bawden on 16th April 1858 in Cape Town.

Below is a list of staff members, who in 1957, had worked at Stuttafords for 20 years or more:

Source: Dictionary of South African Biography

Nabotsibeni, a princess of the Mdhluli section of the Swazi Nation, was the wife of Ngwenyama Mbandeni, King of Swaziland, and mother of Bhunu, Hell Mahlikhlo Ngwane III., and grandmother of the present Ngwenyama of Swaziland, Sobuza II. She was proclaimed Ndhlovukazi after the death of her husband, Mbandeni, in 1889. She ruled for 36 years, first as Queen Mother and then as Queen Regent during the minority of the Ngwenyama Sobuza. Her son, Ngwane III. reigned only for a short time and died, leaving as heir the present ruler for whom the Ndhlovukazi acted. She was a wonderful woman; a good, wise and tactful ruler, and acknowledged by all the representatives of the British Throne as one of the cleverest rulers in Africa. She was a skilled diplomat and cleverly avoided many difficult and dangerous issues which certainly would have been very disastrous for Swaziland. She had great faith in the late Queen Victoria and the British Government. Though uneducated, she was highly respected by all the High Commissioners and other British representatives for her wisdom and ability to handle with courage and tact a difficult national question. She was. not a Christian herself, but always welcomed all missionaries who visited her country. She did much for education in Swaziland, and actually sent her grandson, the present ruler, and other young members of the Royal Family to Lovedale, the South African Native College and other educational institutions for higher education. She was the founder of the Abantu-Batho, an English-Bantu weekly newspaper printed and published in Johannesburg. Since her death some trouble arose between the Europeans and the Swazi Nation which necessitated the sending of a deputation to His Majesty the King of England. The deputation was headed by the Ngwenyama Sobuza himself. There followed a case before the Privy Council which the Swazies lost.
Nabotsibeni was never known to don European clothes, although she had many presents of fine clothing sent to her from the good Queen of England. In order to regain lost rights over certain tracts of land in possession of European settlers she raised £40,000 with the object of redeeming the land, but failed to establish her claim. She died in Swaziland at the age of 80 years.

Mr. Mpambani Jeremiah Mzimba was the son of Ntibane Mzimba. Born at Ngqakayi, Fort Wiltshire, in 1850, and taught by his father at Sheshegu. He entered the classes at Lovedale in 1860. In May he was indentured as an apprentice to the Lovedale Printing Department. Being very religious he decided to join the ministry. Completing his apprenticeship he joined the Theological Class, and although the course prescribed for native students for the ministry in the Free Church Mission did not differ from the theological curriculum in Scotland which included a long and trying range of study in literature, philosophy, languages and divinity, he carried on diligently until he mastered the course and was ordained in December, 1875.
Before his ordination he was employed at Lovedale as telegraph operator. Mr. Mzimba’s character at school was very excellent, and this led to the Board granting him a certificate of honourable mention. As a minister the Rev. M. J. Mzimba was very successful, and so much did his work progress that towards the end of the reign of Queen Victoria, he proceeded to Scotland to raise funds for the building of churches in South Africa. On his return certain arrangements were made, but, it is said, the Rev. Lennox did not agree with him in his plans. Unfortunately a dispute arose which ended in the Supreme Court at Capetown. After this dispute Rev. Mzimba broke away from the Free Church and started on his own. He founded the African Presbyterian Church. He had a large following which encouraged him, but the Government of the day refused to recognise his organisation, and for a long time he struggled until he succeeded in gaining recognition. His work increased until he had branches all over South Africa. After his death he was succeeded by his son Livingston Mzimba as Moderator, who was educated in America. The trouble with Rev. Mzimba’s organisation, like all native religious organisations, was that he had no institution to train some of his followers for the Holy Orders, and consequently he had to ordain untrained men or send them to the institutions of other denominations for training. The result was that although he had a large number of followers, his work did not get on as smoothly as did that of churches under European supervision.

Mrs. RACHEL MALELE, who died at the age of 112 years, was a daughter of Chief Malebogo, whose country is 70 miles north of Pietersburg. She was taken a slave during a war between her people and the Dutch. During the first visit of the Prince of Wales this old lady was anxious to convey personally her thanks to His Royal Highness, for his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had set her free from slavery., She was a Christian and a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. Died at Potchefstroom, Transvaal, on the 26th October, 1930.

BISHOP SAMUEL ADJAI CROWTHER, D.D., was born about 1800, in Zomba, Central Africa. From his youth the boy showed signs of greatness and it was clear that he had a future. The country frequently suffered from raids and petty wars. It was in 1821 that the community of Adjai’s village had a rude awakening-slave traders had made another unwelcome visit and raided the village. While peace reigned only a’ few short hours before, now everything was in confusion and the terror-stricken people were running this way and that way to avoid being captured. ‘ Men,women (with babies on their backs), boys and girls, aged and infirm, were all seeking a safe shelter. Adjai, his mother and sister were captured together with many others, and whether his father. and other relatives were killed or captured they never knew.Adjai with a group of. other boys about his age were parted from their mothers and sisters and exchanged for goods, animals, and in some cases for tobacco. They changed hands ‘until a European took them over, the slaves being chained together,: bundled into canoes and put aboard a Portuguese vessel which sailed the following morning. Packed like logs, in an ill-ventilated place, suffering from thirst, hunger and the cruelty meted out to them, some of the slaves died in the chains. The following morning the miserable slaves, trembling with fear, were allowed to come on deck. They were soon to rejoice in the knowledge that they were no longer in the hands of ‘slave-traders and owners-who were now bound with ropes. They had been rescued by British Menof-War. Their rescuers were kind to them, and in June, 1882, they landed at Sierra Leone. Here Adjai was sent to a mission school and made wonderful progress. He was able to read and write in. six months. Became a Christian and was baptised; adopted the name of Samuel Adjai Crowther. He went to England with a missionary for a few months and while there he attended school. On his return he attended classes at the Fourah Bay College, which had just been opened by the Church Missionary Society. After the days. at Fourah Bay College, Adjai became schoolmaster, and was assisted by a class, mate, Asano Susan, whom he afterwards married. Adjai studied Latin and Greek. He became a parish assistant.

In 1841 Samuel Adjai Crowther was sent to Niger for missionary work. Later he was recalled to England where he attended a college for training ministers, and was ordained a priest in 1842. He returned to his home where he did splendid work. A pioneer, he also undertook to translate the Bible into his own language. Went from place to place visiting the people, speaking to them and teaching them. He had something to say to all, young and old. After a time he found his long-lost mother and sister who were taken away from him by the slave-traders when he was captured. It was about 25 years that they had been parted. Adjai was a Christian and they were not, but soon he won them over to Christianity. Opened a minion station at Abeokata and soon had a” very large congregation. On his return to England by request, he was received by Her Majesty Queen Victoria and her Ministers. Later he returned with his wife to Africa, and his work. In .1857 he was leader of a Christian Mission, having been commissioned to accompany the third Niger Expedition up the great river: In 1864 he returned to England to report on the work done. His work had exceeded expectations. Everybody thought him a wonderful man. Large numbers of baptised Africans awaited confirmation, no bishop could- be spared; Henry Venn, the Church Missionary Secretary, proposed that Adjai be made a Bishop. When the proposal was made to him he objected, but his European friends approached him and reasoned with him. At last Adjai’s consent was won, and he humbly yet reluctantly agreed. The Queen’s licence was issued empowering the Archbishop of Canterbury to consecrate Samuel Adjai Crowther to be a Bishop of the Church of England in West Africa. The University of Oxford conferred the degree of Doctor of Divinity upon the Bishop-elect.

Special trains ran on St. Peter’s Day, 29th June, 1864, between London and Canterbury. The old cathedral was full of memories. In the same cathedral bishops of many lands had been consecrated, but this was the first time that an African was’ to be made bishop in Canterbury. Can the reader wonder that special trains were needed. The cathedral was full, and there were far more men than seats.. On that day two of his friends were foremost. The man who rescued him from slavery-Captain Sir Henry Leekeand Mrs. Weeks, who taught him his first lessons at school in West Africa. The service was never more impressive than on the morning when Samuel Adjai Crowther was consecrated for his work. After this the new bishop, the first African bishop, returned to his native land and continued his good work with greater vigour than ever. Bishop Samuel Adjai Crowther, his wife and children lived happily. He was patient, humble, persevering, loyal and progressive. He was an example of what an African could be. He educated his children, and one of his sons became Archdeacon Crowther. Bishop Crowther was able to view the fruits of his labours before he died.