Cetshwayo, son of Mpande - Source: Cape Archives, E3248

What were our ancestors doing in 1882?

Who was making the headlines and What did they talk about around the supper table?

Here is a look at some of the people, places and events that made the news in 1882.

Huguenot Memorial School

The Huguenot Memorial School (Gedenkschool der Hugenoten) was opened on the 1st February 1882 on the farm Kleinbosch in Daljosafat, near Paarl. It was a private Christian school and the first school with Afrikaans as teaching medium.

The school was under the auspices of the Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners. Past pupils included the writers Andries Gerhardus VISSER, Daniël François MALHERBE and Jakob Daniël DU TOIT (Totius). The first classes were given in a small room but soon an old wine cellar was converted into a two-storey building which housed two classrooms downstairs and the boarding school upstairs. The first Afrikaans newspaper, Die Patriot, as well as the first Afrikaans magazine, Ons Klyntji, came from this school.

The Coat of Arms of "Die Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners"

The school was closed down in 1910 as by then Afrikaans was taught in government schools. In 2001 renovation work was started after a fundraising campaign brought in more than R1-million. Most of the money came from readers of the Afrikaans newspapers, Die Burger and the Volksblad. Naspers, the Stigting vir Afrikaans and KWV also made important contributions. The renovated building was opened in March 2002. It has an Afrikaans training centre upstairs and guest rooms downstairs.

The main people behind the renovation project were writer Dr. Willem Abraham DE KLERK (1917 – 1996) and Fanie THERON (chairman of the Simon van der Stel Foundation and the Huguenot Society, deceased 1989). Others who were also very involved included Sr. C.F. ALBERTYN (Naspers director), Van der Spuy UYS and Dr. Eduard BEUKKMAN. In 1985 they launched the Hugenote Gedenkskool Board of Trustees and with a R10 000 donation from the Helpmekaarfonds, a servitude on the building and land was bought. De Klerk’s wife, Finnie, and Theron’s wife, Anna, were at the official opening as their husbands did not live to see their dream come to fruition.

Dutch as official language

After the second British occupation of the Cape in 1806, English became the only official language. In 1856 J.A. KRUGER, the M.L.A. for Albert, asked for permission to address Parliament in Dutch. His requested was denied, and this started a campaign to get Dutch recognised as an official language in Parliament. On the 30th March 1882, Jan Hendrik HOFMEYR (1845 – 1909), also known as Onze Jan, appealed for the use of Dutch as an official language in Parliament alongside English. He was supported by Saul SOLOMON, a Jewish newspaper publisher and printer in Cape Town. On the 9th June the campaign finally got a positive result when an amendement was made to the Constitution allowing the use of Dutch in Parliament.

Official status was granted on the 1st May and the Act was later passed. On the 13th June, Jan Roeland Georg LUTTIG, the Beaufort-West M.L.A., was the first to officially deliver a speech in Dutch. There is no official record of the speech in Dutch, but the English version was published in the 14th June 1882 Cape Argus newspaper. The other version is in the Cape Parliament Hansard.

It was a short speech – “Meneer die Speaker, ons is baie dankbaar dat die opsionele gebruik van die Hollandse taal in albei huise van die parlement toegelaat is. Wanneer ek sê dankbaar, dink ek praat ek namens diegene wat die twee huise met hul petisies vir dié doel genader het. Ek put vreugde daaruit dat my Engelssprekende vriende die voorstel nie teengestaan het nie, my komplimente gaan aan hulle.

Ek hoop om die raad in die toekoms ook in Engels, in my ou Boere styl, toe te spreek. Sodoende kan dié Engelse vriende wat nie Hollands verstaan nie, die geleentheid hê om te verstaan wat ek probeer oordra. Ek vertrou ook dat alle nasionale verskille in die toekoms sal verdwyn en dat mense van alle nasionaliteite en standpunte hand aan hand sal beweeg om die welvaart en vooruitgang van die kolonie te bevorder”. According to the Hansard, the Speaker pointed out that the Act had not yet been proclaimed, so members could not yet make speeches in Dutch, but that the House would accommodate him this time.

On the 15th June, Cape school regulations were amended to allow the use of Dutch alongside English.

On the 26th and 27th June, the town of Burgersdorp celebrated the use of Dutch. The celebrations were organised by Jotham JOUBERT (M.L.A. and later a Cape Rebel ) who also proposed a monument to mark the occassion. A country-wide fundraising campaign was launched. The monument was built by S.R. OGDEN of Aliwal-North for £430. It consisted of a sandstone pedestal on which stood a life-size marble statue of a woman. She points her finger at a tablet held in her other hand on which the main inscription reads “De Overwinning de Hollandsche Taal “. The monument was unveiled on the 18th January 1893 by D.P. VAN DEN HEEVER, with Stephanus Jacobus DU TOIT (1847 – 1911) delivering the main speech.

During the Anglo-Boer war, the monument was vandalised by British soldiers who took parts of it to King William’s Town where they buried it. After the war, Lord Alfred MILNER had the rest of the statue removed from Burgersdorp. After much protesting, the British eventually provided Burgersdorp with a replica in 1907. This one was unveiled at ceremonies on the 24th and 25th May 1907 when former President M.T. STYEN and the author D.F. MALHERBE addressed the crowd. The original monument was found in 1939 and returned to Burgersdorp. In 1957 the damaged original monument was placed next to the replica.

In 1883 knowledge of Dutch was compulsory for some government positions. In 1884, it was permitted in the High Courts and in 1887 it became a compulsory subject for civil service candidates. Afrikaans only gained equal status with Dutch and English as an official language in South Africa via Act 8 of 1925. Dutch remained an official language until the 1961 Constitution stipulated the two official languages in South Africa to be Afrikaans and English.

Goosen and Stellaland republics

In 1882 a group of Boers established the short-lived republics of Stellaland and Het Land Goosen (aka Goshen ) to the north of Griqualand West, in contravention of the Pretoria and London conventions by which the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek had regained its independence.

On the 1st April the republic of Het Land Goosen was declared. The terms of the Pretoria Convention of August 1881 had cut away part of the Transvaal. This led to problems as local Chiefs disputed the boundaries. Britain did not help matters by acknowledging Mankoroane as Chief of the Batlapin and Montsioa as Chief of the Barolong, both beyond their traditional territories. Supporters of Moshete, under the leadership of Nicolaas Claudius GEY VAN PITTIUS (1837 – 1893), established Het Land Goosen. One of the co-founders was Hermanus Richard (Manie) LEMMER, who later became a General in the Anglo-Boer War. Het Land Goosen later merged with the Stellaland republic to form the United States of Stellaland.

Stellaland was also a short-lived republic established in 1882 by David MASSOUW and about 400 followers, who invaded a Bechuana area west of the Transvaal. They founded the town of Vryburg, making it their capital. The republic was formally created on the 26th July 1882, under the leadership of Gerrit Jacobus VAN NIEKERK (1849 – 1896). In 1885 the British sent in troops under Sir Charles WARREN, abolished the republic, and incorporated it in British Bechuanaland.

Shipping accidents

Shipping accidents (wrecks, groundings, etc…) were common along the South African coast. In 1882 there were quite a few:

January – James Gaddarn, a barque, off Durban

February – Johanna, a barque, off East London

March – Poonah, off Blaauwberg

March – Queen of Ceylon, a barque, off Durban

April – Gleam, a barque, off Port Nolloth

April – Roxburg, off East London

April – Seafield, a barque, off East London

May – Francesca, a barque, off East London

May – Louisa Dorothea, a schooner, ran aground at Mossel Bay

May – Clansman, a schooner, off East London

May 28 – two ships, the Agnes (Capt. NEEDHAM) and the Christin a (Capt. G. LOVE), run ashore at Plettenberg Bay

June – Bridgetown, a barque, off Durban

June – Louisa Schiller, a barque, off Cape Hangklip

June – Ludwig, a schooner, off Algoa Bay

June – Gloria Deo, a barque, off Quoin Point

July – Elvira, a barque, off Durban

July – Erwood, off Durban

December – Adonis, a steamer, off Portst Johns

December – Zambezi, a schooner, off Durban

Smallpox

A smallpox epidemic broke out in District Six in 1882. This led to the closure of inner city cemeteries, and the construction of drains and wash-houses in the city. These improvements didn’t go as planned. The cemetery closures led to riots in 1886. The cemeteries along Somerset Road were not in a good condition, so Maitland cemetery was built. As the Muslim community carried their dead for burial, Maitland was too far for them, and along with the Dutch, they protested against Maitland for two years. Once the inner city cemeteries closed, the Dutch compromised but the Muslim community did not. They buried a child in the Tanu Baru (first Muslim cemetery) in protest. About 3 000 Muslims followed the funeral procession, as police watched. After someone threw stones at the police, a riot started and volunteer regiments were called out. One of the Muslim leaders, Abdol BURNS, a cab driver, was arrested. In the end, neither the Dutch nor the Muslims used Maitland. They found a piece of ground next tost Peter’s cemetery in Mowbray and used it as their cemetery.

The smallpox threat was felt further afield. It was believed that smallpox could be beaten by whitewashing the walls of homes, and for this reason lime and carbolic acid was distributed free to residents in Beaufort West. At Modder River, about 35 km from Kimberley, the settlement was used as a quarantine station to keep smallpox away from Kimberley. Travellers enroute to Kimberley had to produce a valid vaccination certificate or be vaccinated at the station.

Zulu King in London

Cetshwayo reigned as King of the Zulus from 1873 to 1884. He made an alliance with the British in order to keep his long standing enemies, the Boers, away. The alliance collapsed when the British annexed the Transvaal and supported Boer land claims in the border dispute with Zululand. This led to the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War where the British suffered defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana and Zulus at the Battle of Ulundi. Cetshwayo was captured and taken to the Cape. In 1882 he travelled to London where he met Queen Victoria on the 14th August. On his return he was reinstated as King in a much reduced territory and with less autonomy. He died on the 8th February 1884.

Sporting moments

Ottomans Cricket Club was founded in the Bo-Kaap in 1882. The Rovers Rugby Club was founded in Cradock on the 6th September 1882. The first rugby match in Mossel Bay was played on Saturday, 2nd September 1882. Mossel Bay Athletic Club played against George Athletic Club. The first bowling green was laid out in 1882 when a club was established atst George’s Park in Port Elizabeth. In 1882 the Jockey Club was founded by 10 horse-racing members at a meeting held in the Phoenix Hotel in Port Elizabeth. The first South African soccer club was Pietermaritzburg County. On the 17th June 1882, its delegates met at the London Restaurant in Durban ‘s West Street and the Natal Football Association was founded.

Transit of Venus

The transit of Venus was observed from stations in Durban, Touws River, Wellington, Aberdeen Road (a railway stop) and at Cape Town ‘s Royal Observatory.

Banking

District Bank was established in Stellenbosch in 1882. It paid between 5 to 6% on fixed deposits and 2% on current accounts, compared to the Standard Bank which paid an average of 3.5% on fixed deposits and no interest on current accounts. The District Bank did not charge cheque fees or ledger fees. It was later taken over by Boland Bank. The Natal Building Society (NBS) was also established in 1882, in Durban.

New brewery

The Old Cannon Brewery in Newlands was established in 1852. In 1882 it merged with Ohlsson’s Cape Breweries.

Steel industry

South Africa ‘s industrial development has heavy roots in its mining industry. With virtually no steel industry of its own, the country relied on imported steel. The first efforts to introduce steel production dates back to the creation of the South African Coal and Iron Company in 1882. The first successful production of pig iron occurred only in 1901, in Pietermaritzburg.

Mariannhill Monastery

The monastery near Pinetown was founded as a Trappist monastery by Father Francis PFANNER in 1882. It became a renowned missionary institute with schools, a hospital, an art centre and a retreat.

Boswell’s Circus

The BOSWELL family has been involved in the circus business since the 1800s in England. James BOSWELL was born in 1826 and went on to perform in various English circuses as a clown, horseman and equilibrist. He died in the circus ring of Cirque Napoleon in Paris in 1859 while performing a balancing ladder act. He had three 3 children, all of whom performed in circuses. His eldest son, James Clements, opened his own circus, Boswell’s Circus, in 1882 in Yorkshire.

Boswell’s Circus toured England and was very popular until it closed in 1898. James Clements and his five sons – Jim, Alfred, Walter, Sydney and Claude – continued performing in theatres and music halls, and eventually put their own show together called Boswell’s Stage Circus. Madame FILLIS, who owned Fillis’ Circus in South Africa, saw one of their performances and signed them up for a six-month contract. In 1911 James Clements, his sons, Walter and Jim’s wives, six ponies, a donkey and some dogs set sail for South Africa. The family and their animals were stranded when Fillis’ Circus closed down some months later. Fortunately for generations of South African children, this did not stop them and they went on to build a successful business that is still in existence.

Pretoria

A public sale on Church Square, Pretoria, in the 1890's

Church Square was created in 1855, on the orders of M.W. PRETORIUS. The DEVEREAUX brothers, town planners, designed a square for market and church purposes. Pretoria expanded around Church Square. During its early days the square was also used as a sports field and in 1883 the long-jumper Izak PRINSLOO set the first world record by a South African. The first church on the square was completed in 1857, but burnt down in 1882. Burgers Park was established as Pretoria ‘s first park in 1882. On the 14th June 1882, the Transvaalsche Artillerie Corps was formed under the command of Cmdt. H.J.P. PRETORIUS.

Stephanus Johannes Paulus KRUGER, later President of the Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek, was born on the 10th October 1825. He was so respected by his people that the first Kruger Day was celebrated on the 10th October 1882. The following year it was declared a public holiday. After the Anglo-Boer war it lost official status, until it was again declared a public holiday in 1952. In 1994 the day again lost its official status.

Kimberley

On the 2nd September Kimberley became the first town in the southern hemisphere to install electric street lighting. It was an initiative of the Cape Electric Light Company. Electric lighting was also installed in Parliament in 1882, and an arc-lighting installation was commissioned in the harbour. Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, Christmas 1882 saw the world’s first electrically-lit Christmas tree installed in the New York house of Thomas EDISON’s associate Edward H. JOHNSON.

The Kimberley Club was founded in August 1881 and opened its doors on the 14th August 1882. Cecil John RHODES was one of the men behind the club’s establishment. Amongst the first members were Charles D. RUDD, Dr. Leander Starr JAMESON, Lionel PHILLIPS and J.B. ROBINSON.

Knysna

The farm Melkhoutkraal was laid out in 1770. In 1808 George REX, who arrived at the Cape in 1797, bought the farm. In 1825 Lord Charles SOMERSET decided to establish a town on the lagoon, to make use of the surrounding forests for ship building. George REX donated 16 ha of land for the new village, named Melville for Viscount MELVILLE, First Sea Lord from 1812 – 1827. Knysna was formally founded in 1882 when the two villages, Melville and Newhaven (founded in 1846) amalgamated.

Muizenberg

In 1882 the railway line reached Muizenberg. The area was originally a cattle outpost for the VOC before it became a military post in 1743. It was named Muijs se Berg after the commander Sergeant Willem MUIJS. Muizenberg was a staging post between Cape Town and Simon’s Town. After the railway line was extended, the area developed fast and became a popular holiday destination.

One of Muizenberg’s prominent residents was Professor James GILL. He was born in Cornwall in 1831 and came to the Cape in 1860, where he took the post of professor of Classics at Graaff-Reinet College. In 1871 he moved to Cape Town as Classics professor at the Diocesan College. He was an opininated man who did good things throughout his career but was also involved in many controversies. He was dismissed from the College in 1882. He opened a private school in Muizenberg and became the editor of the Cape Illustrated Magazine. He died in Muizenberg on the 1st February 1904.

Villiers

The town of Villiers, on the Vaal River, was established in 1882 on the farms Pearson Valley and Grootdraai. It was named after the owner, L.B. DE VILLIERS. In 1882 the Volksraad was requested to open a post office there, and this led to Villiers being proclaimed in 1891. In 1917 it acquired municipal status.

Newcastle

The first government school in Newcastle was established in 1882 as a junior primary school with 47 boys and 30 girls.

Okiep

The Cornish Pump House was built in 1882. It was used to pump water from the mine and this pump house is the only remaining one of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere.

East London

A view of East London in the 1880's

The prison in Lock Street was built in 1880, replacing the old one on the West Bank. It was built by James TYRRELL and comprised an officers’ quarters, administration block, hospital, kitchen and two single-storey cell blocks to hold 100 prisoners. The first execution happened in 1882, for which a drop gallows was placed in the hospital yard. St.Andrew’s Lutheran Church was established by German settlers in 1872. It is the second oldest church in East London and was dedicated on the 30th November 1882.

Grahamstown

City Hall was officially opened on the 24th May 1882 by the acting Mayor Samuel CAWOOD. The foundation stone was laid on the 28th August 1877 by Sir Henry Bartle FRERE, Governor of the Cape.

Durban

Durban Girls’ High School was established in 1882. The old theatre Royale was built in 1882 and had seating for 1 000. It was closed in 1937. The Natal Herbarium was started in 1882 by John Medley WOOD, then Curator of the Durban Botanical Gardens. It was initially known as the Colonial Herbarium but changed its name in 1910 when it was donated by the Durban Botanical Society to the Union of South Africa.

Port Elizabeth

South End Cemetery in Port Elizabeth was started. The country’s oldest art school, Port Elizabeth Art School, was founded in 1882. It later became the College for Advanced Technical Education, originally situated in Russell Road, Central. In 1974 it moved to Summerstrand and became the PE Technikon in 1979.

Kaapsehoop

In 1882 gold was discovered in the Kaapsehoop valley. When a larger deposit of gold was found near the present day Barberton, most of the prospectors moved there. The first payable gold was mined at Pioneer Reef by Auguste ROBERTE (aka French Bob) in June 1883. Barber’s Reef was the next big find in 1884. Sheba ‘s Reef, the richest of all, was discovered by Edwin BRAY in May 1885.

Port Shepstone

Port Shepstone came into being when marble was discovered near the Umzimkulu River mouth in 1867. It flourished from 1879 when William BAZLEY, one of the world’s first underwater demolition experts, blasted away rock at the mouth to form the Umzimkulu breakwater. The town was named after a Mr SHEPSTONE, one of the area’s prominent residents. Before 1901 the area depended solely on a port that was developed inside the river’s mouth. Boats were often wrecked and blocked the harbour entrance, but it provided a vital transport link for the tea, coffee and sugar cane grown by farmers along the river’s banks.

Supplies were brought in on the return voyages from Durban. With the arrval in 1882 of 246 Norwegian, 175 Briton and 112 German settlers, this shipping service became more important. The Norwegians arrived on the 29th August aboard the CHMS Lapland. The new settlers were offered 100 acre lots around the town at 7 shillings and 6 pence an acre. Port Shepstone was declared a full fiscal port in 1893 and, after Durban, became the region’s second harbour. Eventually, with the ongoing ship wreckages and the arrival of the railway, the harbour was closed down.

Harding

In 1882 the first hotel was opened in Harding. The village then consisted of three trading stores and four private homes.

Dundee

Dundee was established on the farm Fort Jones belonging to Peter SMITH, who had bought it from a Voortrekker settler, Mr DEKKER. He named the town Dundee, in memory of his original home in Scotland. By 1879, as a result of the Anglo-Zulu War, a tent town had sprung up on a portion of the farm. British soldiers attracted traders, missionaries, craftsmen and hunters but after their departure the tent town ceased to exist. With his son, William Craighead; son-in-law Dugald MACPHAIL; and Charles WILSON, Peter proclaimed the town in 1882.

Dewetsdorp

The Anglican Church was inaugurated on the 17th December 1882 by the Anglican Bishop of Bloemfontein. It was named St. Bartholomew’s. Before this, Anglicans held services in the town hall. The church’s foundation stone was laid on the 18th August. It cost £395 to build and seated 60. Rev. L.A. KIRBY was the first minister. The first baptism was on the 7th January 1883, that of Arthur SKEA. The church was declared a national monument in 1996.

Fort Hare

Fort Hare was built in 1847. It was named after Lt.-Col. John HARE and remained a military post until 1882, when part was given to Lovedale and part to the town of Alice.

Kuruman

The London Missionary Society (LMS) established the Moffat Institute in Kuruman in 1882, as a memorial to Robert and Mary MOFFATT and in the hope that it would revive the mission station.

Upington

Upington’s history starts with Klaas Lukas., a Koranna chief, who asked for missionaries to teach his people to read and write. In 1871 Rev. Christiaan SCHRODER left Namaqualand for Olyvenhoudtsdrift as the Upington area was then known. He built the first church, which today houses the Kalahari-Oranje Museum. In 1879 Sir Thomas UPINGTON visited the area to establish a police post, which was later named after him.

In 1881 SCHRODER, Abraham SEPTEMBER and Japie LUTZ helped build an irrigation canal. Abraham (Holbors) SEPTEMBER, said to be a Baster and the son of a slave from West Africa, was farming in the area in 1860. He was married to Elizabeth GOOIMAN. He devised a way to draw water from the river for irrigation purposes. In 1882 he was granted land facing the river. In 1896 Abraham and Elizabeth drew up a will, bequeathing the land to the survivor and thereafter to their three sons. Abraham died in 1898. In 1909 Elizabeth appeared before the Court in Upington on a charge that squatters where living on the land. It was here that she heard that Willem DORINGS, a smous, was claiming the land as his. This claim was to have repercussions, even in 2000 when the great-great-grandchildren of Abraham were still fighting for the land in the Land Claims Court.

Elizabeth and her sons owed Willem £326, but Willem produced documents that they sold him the land for that sum. The family were under the impression that they had a debt agreement with Willem. They refused to leave the farm and Elizabeth died there in 1918. In 1920 the family were removed from the farm by the new owners who had bought it from Willem. According to Henk WILLEMSE, Abraham’s great-great-grandson, the family started action in 1921 to get their land back. He has documents dating back all these years, which also show that Willem DORINGS was William THORN. Part of their land claim was for the land on which the Prisons Department building stands in Upington’s main road. This belonged to Abraham’s eldest daughter, Elizabeth, who lost it when service fees were not paid. In 1997 Nelson MANDELA unveiled a memorial plaque to Abraham.

The Waterfront

A view of East London in the 1880's

The Victorian Gothic-style Clock Tower, situated near the site of the original Bertie’s Landing restaurant in Cape Town, has always been a feature of the old harbour. It was the original Port Captain’s office and was completed in 1882. On the second floor is a decorative mirror room, which enabled the Port Captain to have a view of all activities in the harbour. On the ground floor is a tide-gauge mechanism used to check the level of the tide. Restoration of the Clock Tower was completed in 1997. The Robinson Graving Dock was also constructed in 1882, as was the Pump House. The Breakwater Convict Station was declared a military prison in 1882. This allowed military offenders from ships and shore stations to be committed for hard labour.

Sources:

Drakenstein Heemkring

Afrikanerbakens; Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge publication

Burgersdorp: http://www.burgersdorp.za.net/burgersdorp_photos.html

Maritime Casualties: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Ridge/2216/text/MARITIME.TXT

The Will of Abraham and Elizabeth September: The Struggle for Land in Gordonia, 1898-1995; by Martin Legassick; Journal of African History, Vol. 37, No. 3 (1996)

Land Claim Case: http://www.law.wits.ac.za/lcc/wp-content/uploads/jacobs2/jacobs2.pdf

Rapport newspaper, 23 Jan 2000

Boswell’s Circus: http://www.boswell.co.za/

Article researched and written by Anne Lehmkuhl, June 2007

In the early days of the settlement at the Cape people of note were buried inside church buildings. Provision for a place of worship was at once made inside the Castle. Consequently the Rev. Joan van Arckel was laid to rest at that particular spot in the unfinished Castle in Jan. 1666. Only a fortnight earlier he himself had officiated at the laying of one of the four foundation stones of the new defence structure. A few months later the wife of Commander Zacharias Wagenaer was buried in the same ground; likewise Commander Pieter Hackius, who died on 30th November 1671. By 1678 the little wooden church inside the Castle proved too small, and when a new site was selected provision was made for a cemetery immediately outside the church, but the custom of burials inside the building continued. The whole piece of ground where the Groote Kerk and its adjacent office building now stand was enclosed by a strong wall. People were buried on this site before the completion of the church building. The first to be buried there was the Rev. Petrus Hulsenaar, who died on 15th December 1677 and was laid to rest where the church was to be built. The bodies of those who were buried in the wooden church inside the Castle were reinterred here in a common grave. After that a fee equivalent to about R12 was charged for a grave inside the church, as against R1.00 for a burial-place in the churchyard.

The church building was completed in 1703, and the first governor buried inside its walls was Louis van Assenburgh, who died on Sunday, 27th December 1711. The following year ex-Governor Simon van der Stel died on 24th June and was buried inside the church; a memorial was put up behind the pulpit. He was followed by several notable persons, all buried inside the building: Governor Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes, whose death occurred on 8th September 1724; Governor Pieter Gijsbert Noodt (died 23rd April 1729); the wife of Governor Jan de la Fontaine (June 1730), Governor Adriaan van Kervel (19th September 1737) and Governor elect Pieter, Baron van Reede, who died at sea on the way out and was buried in the church on 16th April 1773. The last of the Governors to be buried in the Groote Kerk was Ryk Tulbagh. Although his death occurred on 11th August 1771, the burial was postponed 17th August to enable country folk to attend the funeral of the `Father' of the people. Some memorial tablets and escutcheons can still be seen at the Groote Kerk, but most disappeared during rebuilding operations, including that of Simon van der Stel. The escutcheon- of Baron Pieter van Reede is still to be seen on the outside wall of the enlarged building near the original steeple. Another conspicuous tablet, but of a much later date, is that of Chief Justice Sir John Truter and Lady Truter, who died in 1845 and 1849 respectively and were buried in the churchyard a few years after the reconstruction. It is believed that the first Jan Hendrik Hofineyr in South Africa, who was superintendent of De Schuur and died in 1805, lies buried in the little cemetery still preserved at Groote Schuur, but it is impossible to identify his grave.

Notable Huguenot personalities are buried in Huguenot cemeteries at French Hoek, La Motte and Dal Josafat. A historic Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Woodstock, while many notable figures lie buried in the cemeteries at Mowbray and Woltemade. The Cape Malay community at all times took a pride in the graves of their leaders who died at the Cape. Apart from the kramat at Faure where Sheik Yusuf lies buried, there are kramats on the slopes of Signal Hill, being tombs of Khordi Abdusalem, Tuan Said (Syed), Tuan Guru and Tuan Nurman. New structures were erected here in 1969.

Comdt. Tjaart van der Walt, 'the Lion-Heart', was buried in 1802 where he fell in battle against the Xhosa tribes in the hills at Cambria, a few km from the Gamtoos valley. Dr. John Philip of the London Missionary Society, who died in 1851, is buried near Hankey railway station in the Gamtoos valley, and with him his son William Enowy, who drowned on the day when his father's water scheme was officially opened. Frederik Cornelis Bezuidenhout, whose death in 1815 was the prelude to the Slachter's Nek Rebellion, lies buried on his farm on the upper reaches of the Baviaans River, near the Bedford-Tarka road. A significant number of British settlers and sons of the 1810 Settlers were killed in battle in the Frontier Wars. At least one had the place he was buried named after him – Bailie's Grave near Keiskammahoek in the Ciskei; Charles Bailie, son of Lt. John Bailie, the founder of East London, was killed here in the Sixth Frontier War. Settler cemeteries in various parts of the Eastern Province contain the graves of many leading pioneers.

At Keiskammahoek is Gaika's grave, proclaimed a national monument. He was the founder of the Gaika tribe and died in 1829. The grave of his son and successor, Sandile, killed in the Ninth Frontier War in 1878 and buried at Stutterheim, has been provided with a bronze inscription by the Historical Monuments Commission. In Durban, the cemetery of the Old Fort has been proclaimed a national monument along with the fort itself; also the grave of Lt. King on the B1uff (James Saunders King was one of the original settlers at Port Natal). The site was also proclaimed where a few Voortrekkers fell fighting against the British at Congella station.

In Zululand is Piet Retief's grave where he was buried, next to the other victims of the massacre, in 1839 in the present Babanango district by the Commando that avenged his death. Near by, on the battlefield of Italeni, European graves have been found recently by Dr. H. C. de Wet and farmers of the neighbourhood. Two graves, some distance away from the others, may possibly be those of Comdt. Piet Uys and his son Dirkie. The graves have as yet not been opened nor identified with any degree of certainty. In the immediate vicinity of Dingaan's Kraal, where Retief lies buried, the Historical Monuments Commission's bronze plaques protect several Zulu graves: Senzangakona, founder of the Zulu nation and father of Shaka, Dingaan, Mpande and Mageba – all in the district of Babanango. When Dinuzulu died near Middelburg (Tvl.) in 1913 his last wish was granted – to be buried with his fathers. His grave, like that of Senzangakona, has an inscription in the Zulu language only. The memorial to Shaka near Stanger has been proclaimed a national monument; also Mpande's kraal and grave in the Mahlabatini district. Cetewayo's kraal, also in Mahlabatini, has the Commission's plaque. Comdt. Hans de Lange's grave at Besters station near Ladysmith has been preserved.

In the Orange Free State the grave of Moroka, chief of the Seleka branch of the Barolong tribe near Thaba Nchu, has been provided with a bronze plaque. Of the Republican presidents three lie buried in Free State soil: J. P. Hoffman at Smithfield, J. H. Brand in the Old Cemetery at Bloemfontein, and M. T. Steyn at the foot of the National Women's Monument. President J. N. Boshof's grave is in the Old Cemetery at Pietermaritzburg, that of M. W. Pretorius in Potchefstroom, and F. W. Reitz at Woltemade in Cape Town. Gen. C. R. de Wet and the Rev. J. D. Kestell rest at the foot of the National Women's Monument, where the ashes of Emily Hobhouse are also preserved. Sarel Cilliers is buried at Doornkloof near Lindley.

Much of the early history of Kimberley can be read from tombstones in three old cemeteries: the Pioneers' cemetery; Du Toitspan cemetery, where the victims of the concentration camp (1901- 02) were laid to rest; and the Gladstone cemetery which contains the graves of Lt.-Col. N. Scott-Turner of the Black Watch, of George Labram, maker of `Long Cecil', and of those who fell during the siege of Kimberley at Fourteen Streams, Dronfield and Carter's Ridge.

Interest in Pretoria centres largely round the Heroes' Acre in the Old Cemetery in Church Street West where Paul Kruger was buried, and Andries Pretorius as well as President T. F. Burgers were reinterred in 1891 and 1895 respectively. The children of A. H. Potgieter refused the reinterment of their father and so he still rests where he died, at Schoemansdal in the Zoutpansberg. Of the Prime Ministers of the Union of South Africa, two lie in the Heroes' Acre, namely J. G. Strijdom and Dr. H. F. Verwoerd, while Gen. Louis Botha was buried in the same cemetery, but before a corner of it had come to be designated Heroes' Acre. Gen. J. B. M. Hertzog is buried on his farm Waterval in the Witbank district. Gen. J. C. Smuts was cremated and his ashes scattered on a koppie on his farm near Irene. Dr. Malan was laid to rest in the cemetery outside Stellenbosch, as well as the President elect, Dr. T. E. Donges. Dr. E. G. Jansen, Governor-General, was buried in the Heroes' Acre.

Of the Prime Ministers of the Cape Colony, Dr. L. S. Jameson died in-London, W: P. Schreiner in Wales, and T. C. Scanlan in Salisbury, while Cecil John Rhodes rests at World's View in the Matopos. The first Prime Minister, Sir John Molteno, lies in Claremont cemetery, Sir Thomas Upington at Maitland, Sir Gordon Sprigg at Mowbray; and John X. Merriman, though he died at Stellenbosch, was laid to rest in Maitland cemetery. J. H. Hofmeyr (`Onze Jan'), by whose grace the Prime Ministers ruled, is buried at Somerset West. Of the Prime Ministers of Natal, Sir Henry Binns, who died at Pietermaritzburg, was buried in the military cemetery, Durban. Natal's first Prime Minister, Sir John Robinson, lies in the Church of England cemetery in Durban; Sir Frederick Moor at Estcourt, Sir George Sutton at Howick, and C. J. Smythe at Nottingham Road. Sir Albert Hime died abroad. The only Prime Minister of the Orange River Colony (1907-10), Abraham Fischer, died in Cape Town and was buried at Maitland.

Of the Boer generals among the older generation, Piet Joubert was buried on his farm Rustfontein in Wakkerstroom, in accordance with his own request; Schalk Burger on his farm Goedgedacht in Lydenburg, Piet Cronje on his farm Mahemsvlei in Klerksdorp, and J. H. de la Rey in the Western Transvaal town Lichtenburg. Of the famous South African literary figures, Olive Schreiner, initially buried at Maitland, was reinterred on the summit of Buffelskop, near Cradock; Jan Lion Cachet and Totius (J. D. du Toit) at Potchefstroom, and Jan F. E. Celliers in the Old Cemetery, Pretoria; while C. Louis Leipoldt's ashes were interred on the Pakhuisberg in Clanwilliam. The co-founder of the Kruger National Park, Piet Grobler, was buried in the New Cemetery, Pretoria, and the best-known finance minister of the Union, N. C. Havenga, at his home town Fauresmith. Public-spirited communities as well as private families all over South Africa have at numerous places gone to great trouble to preserve the graves of pioneers and public figures. At Ohrigstad the tombstones of Voortrekker graves have been brought together in a concrete but in the form of an ox-wagon, the oldest stone being that of J. J. Burger, born at Stellenbosch, over 1 600 km away, in the 18th century.

Until the 19th century Christians did not practise cremation, and even now it is expressly forbidden by some Christian denominations. Special legislation in many countries of Europe and America, as well as South Africa, has legalised cremation, and precautions are taken to prevent its use to destroy evidence of crime. After burning the body, the ashes may be scattered in ‘gardens of repose’ or, more usually, deposited in urns at the crematorium or in private graves. The modern furnaces used for cremation are usually heated by means of gas (from the main), diesel oil or electricity. It takes about two hours, at a temperature ranging from 700 to 1,100 °C, to complete the process.

The following crematoria (with date of erection, method of heating, and temperature used) operate in South Africa: S.A. Cremating Co. Ltd.,

Stellawood, Durban (1926; coke-fired; 1,100 °C)

Johannesburg Crematorium, Braamfontein cemetery (1932; gas-operated; 900 °C)

Cape Town Crematorium, Maitland (1934; fuel oil; 1,100 °C)

Port Elizabeth Crematorium (1953; gasoperated; 700 °C)

Pretoria Municipal Crematorium (1957; electricity; 800 °C)

Cambridge Crematorium, East London (1959; diesel oil; 1,100 °C)

In the Republic of South Africa cremation is governed by regulations in terms of an ordinance in each of the provinces where crematoria have been erected for this purpose. The more important conditions and requirements prescribed may be summarised as follows: It shall not be lawful to cremate the remains of any person who is known to have left written directions to the contrary, and it is unlawful to cremate human remains which have not been identified. Before cremation can take place there must in every case be an application form, signed by an executor or by the nearest surviving relative, and accompanied by two medical certificates certifying the cause of death. These forms, together with a burial order signed by the proper authority, are submitted to the medical referee, specially appointed for this purpose, who signs the authority to cremate.

The Cape Metropolitan Council welcomes genealogists to come and research in their Library but do not undertake research on anyone’s behalf. They hold burial records for the larger cemeteries such as Maitland, Plumstead, Pinelands, Ottery, Hout Bay.
Are you looking for burials in Cape Town?

Tombstones can be valuable historical records. In some instances printed works give more than one date for a person’s death. A more reliable original authority, better even than a burial register, is often to be found in the grave inscription. Moreover, these often supply information not readily available elsewhere. A stone at Maitland cemetery, Cape Town, for example, shows that the Collisons (who played a leading role in the city’s wine trade for so long a period) came from Armagh in Ireland. A second tells us that the Lawtons, another important Cape family, hailed from Stalham in Norfolk. Stones at St. George’s Cathedral reveal that S. S. Bailey fought at Trafalgar and Isaac Manuel for Napoleon at Austerlitz. Dates of birth, too, which could otherwise often be obtained only by search of registers from overseas are sometimes conveniently recorded on tombstones.

The Historical Monuments Commission (now known as the South African Heritage Resources Agency) has recognised their value by proclaiming a number of them. The stone of Johann van Riebeeck deservedly received detailed notice in this journal and the Africana Museum possesses at least one tombstone. Two welcome efforts to preserve historic cemeteries have been initiated in 1968: the War Graves Commission has undertaken to restore Simon’s Town cemetery, which is historically the most valuable in South Africa, and the Roman Catholic authorities plan to move to Maitland all the graves and slabs at Rouwkoop Road, Rondebosch. Among the most interesting tombs here is that of the father of Sir Percy Fitzpatrick and one of Sir Percy’s daughters.

It is, therefore, particularly tragic that this attitude did not exist when Somerset Road, Cape Town, which was much the largest and most important cemetery in this country, was closed down and many valuable stones were destroyed. There were not far short of a dozen cemeteries in the area. Some were for burial of non-Europeans, hospital patients, and the like, and probably few of their graves had inscribed stones, but others were of considerable extent and had stones commemorating South Africans of early date and historical importance. The Dutch Reformed Church Congregation had at first used their church in the Heerengracht and its yard and, happily, some of these valuable early stones are preserved at the present Groote Kerk. A grant of land at what was later Somerset Road was made in 1755 and further grants in 1801 and 1802. The Anglicans received a grant in 1827, the Lutherans in 1833, the Scottish Church, and the Roman Catholics, soon after. Some denominations did not have a separate cemetery but may have had portions of the Anglican allotted to them. The whole group was finally closed in January 1886. At that time there was no question of building over the site or destruction of the tombs and the families of the deceased continued to erect memorials up to the time of closure. In the Anglican cemetery alone there were as many as 160 burials in a year and, when one recalls that burials took place in this area for over a hundred years, it can be realised that the number of inscribed stones must have run into thousands.

When it was decided to build over the site frequent notices appeared in the Press that families could remove the remains and the monuments of ancestors and inter them elsewhere and a number of families did so. Understandably, the tombs that remained behind were neglected and suffered damage from vandalism and from encroaching vegetation. In December 1903 there was even a fire, possibly first lit by vagrants who used to camp in the deserted vaults and easily spreading to the bushes and long grass that now covered the area. Before levelling and building started in about 1922 a number of inscribed stones were lifted from their graves and deposited at the Woltemade cemetery at Maitland which had been opened as Cape Town ‘s principal graveyard in 1886. Before making an assessment of what was lost mention can be made of what was saved.

Entire Graves Moved to Maitland

Lt.-Colonel C. Graham Botha made notes in Somerset Road in 1907 and quoted from these in two articles published at a later date. He listed eight complete tombs which had been moved to Maitland and to these I can add a further thirty-four. The majority commemorate persons who died quite shortly before the closure and therefore had relatives to arrange transfer. Only the most important need be mentioned here.

The earliest is that of the Colonial Secretary Andrew Barnard (1807). His wife Lady Anne Barnard had the slab sent out from Britain. The earliest British tombs were set up in the Dutch cemeteries as there were no others and often had inscriptions in both English and Dutch: such was the case on this tomb and the next to be described.

The next in date is also, to my mind, the most beautiful churchyard monument in the country and we must be thankful that it has survived when so much else has perished. A marble sarcophagus with fine foliage carvings and a medallion portrait of the deceased preserves the memory of Diana, wife of Francis Warden of the Bombay Civil Service (1816). The lady died in Cape Town and was one of the many folk who died on their way to or from India or of illnesses contracted in India. The memorial is signed by Sir Francis Chantrey, the foremost English sculptor of his day.

(See my article and illustrations in Africana Notes and News, vol. XI, p. 338.)

A modern monument has arisen to many members of the Hohne family, beginning with Christian Gottlob Hohne (1759-1820) who was Private Secretary to four Governors of the Dutch East India Company and Director of the Slave Lodge.
Not far away are the stones of John Fairbairn (1864), the sturdy fighter for the freedom of the Press, of his wife Elizabeth (1840) who was a daughter of Dr. John Philip, and other members of the Fairbairn and Philip families.

There is a stone for Alexander Jardine (1845) the first Librarian of the South African Library. Near by is a stone which commemorates an unfortunate accident of 1860 when Edward Turpin, who had been captain of the Volunteer Cavalry Corps since its foundation in 1857, died ” from the effects of a gun-shot wound received at the Colonel-in-chief’s drill on the Parade.”

A tall stone obelisk commemorates Lady Sale (1853) wife of Sir Robert Sale, the hero of many British campaigns but best known as the conqueror of Afghanistan in 1839. Lady Sale died only three days after landing from India but the South African Advertiser paid her the compliment (unusual in those days) of quite a long obituary and reported that ” her funeral was followed by His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, the Commodore, the Heads of Departments, besides a large number of the principal inhabitants of Cape Town.” The obelisk was made in Calcutta, to the order of her children who composed the touching epitaph which begins: “under this stone reposes all that could die of Lady Sale … ”

A stone slab on a table tomb recalls one of the Cape’s earliest climbing fatalities when Edwin Gregory ” perished from cold on Table Mountain ” in June 1858 – which seems a very unwise time of the year to go mountaineering.
Finally, one should not omit the Rev. James Adamson (1875), the earliest minister of the Scottish Church in Cape Town and one of the Cape ‘s leading educationists.

Entire Graves Moved Elsewhere

The slate slab of James Miller in Mowbray Anglican cemetery is dated 1831, which was long before that cemetery was opened and suggests the grave came from Somerset Road.

Colonel Botha records a slab of Captain A. C. Campbell of the Bengal Cavalry (1845) at Somerset Road. If he is correct this was evidently moved after 1907 as it is now at St. Paul ‘s, Rondebosch.

St. Saviour’s churchyard at Claremont contains the stone of John Inglesby (1823), late of the Royal Artillery. He was the progenitor of several men who became well-known architects and builders and it was they who moved his grave to their family vaults at Claremont.

In the old cemetery at Wynberg are the graves of Major Richard Wolfe (1855) and his wife Anna Maria (1837). Wolfe had been Commander of Robben Island and Magistrate of Wynberg but was first buried at Somerset Road 3 alongside his wife.

The remains of the Van de Poel (sic) and Hiddingh families were moved from Somerset Road and re-interred in the cemetery at Mowbray on 25 August 1894 but without the original gravestones.

Inscribed Stones Moved to Maitland

The list kindly supplied to me by the Cape Cemeteries Board shows that 455 slabs were moved to Maitland. Of these I found only 270 when I made a census in January 1964, with a further five unlisted there. Thirteen of the 275 were moved to the South African Museum (Cultural History) in July 1964 (see below). Most of the surviving 262 are of interest in one way or another but only a few can be mentioned here.

The top part of a slab of 1834 which contained the person’s name is, unfortunately, missing. But the lower portion says he was the founder of the South African Assurance Company-which was the earliest such company in this country. The man concerned is presumably Thomas Le Breton who was its secretary when it was founded in 1831.

The stone of James John Arshut (1853) is interesting in several ways. Arshut was a Chinese who lived in Barrack Street and was a member of the Anglican Church. He must have been one of the country’s earliest Chinese and about the first Chinese Anglican. He is the only non-European to have a slab at Maitland and must have been one of exceedingly few to be buried in a European cemetery at Somerset Road. Part of the inscription is in Chinese – which does not appear elsewhere. Chinese, incidentally, is only one out of many languages to grace these slabs. Though most are in English and a good many are in Dutch there are several in Latin and two in Greek.

Inscribed Stones Moved to the South African Museum

In 1964 I drew the attention of Dr. J. van der Meulen, the then Museum Director, to the Maitland stones. The Cemeteries Board gave us permission to remove any stones we wished. The director, some of the Museum staff, and I, visited Maitland on 22 July. Some twenty stones were selected as of especial value and marks were placed on them. Thirteen were at once removed to the Museum, the intention being to add the others later. Seven of the thirteen have been set into the walls of the inner courtyard near the Van Riebeeck stones.

1. Hans Derik Mohr 1720-1785. One of the earliest inscribed stones in this country.
2. George Friedrich Hennigen. Born at Hirschberg in 1741, died 1797.
3. Christiaan Arnold Hohne 1793-1811. Clerk of the Colonial Secretary’s office and Collector of Stamps.
4. Johannes Andries Bain 1744-1818.
5. Christiaan Frederik Germann. Born Hamburg 1739, died 1819.
6. Jane Bowler (1849), wife of the famous artist, and their daughter Maria (1881).
7. Thomas Paine Bide (1865), Assistant Port Captain, and three relatives.

The present director does not favour the erection of further slabs and the other six remain in storage. Of these the stone of Helen Watson (1812) is one of the earlier known British stones; and Samuel Oliver (1785-1859) was a man of some note, a member of the East India Company and one of the earliest trustees and church wardens of St. George’s church. Seven marked stones have not yet been moved from Maitland.

Inscribed Stones Moved Elsewhere

Congregational Church, Rondebosch : Dr. Johannes Theodorus Vanderkemp (1811), this slab tells us that he studied at Leyden and Edinburgh universities, wrote theological works in Latin and Dutch and was twelve years a missionary ” among the Caffres and Hottentots.”

St. George’s Cathedral: Isaac Manuel (1845), a pioneer in the export of hides from South Africa to Europe.

St. George’s Cathedral : Dr. Samuel Bailey (1864), the founder, and for long the chief surgeon, of the Somerset Hospital.

Metropolitan Methodist church, Cape Town : Rev. Barnabas Shaw (1857), founder of the Methodist mission in South Africa.

Kirstenbosch : I was able to arrange in 1968 for the stone of Dr. Ludwig Pappe (1862), first holder of the post of Colonial Botanist and first professor of botany at the South African College, to be handed over to the National Botanical Society. It is now in the Compton Herbarium.

Monuments Lost at Somerset Road

It is impossible to calculate how many monuments were left behind at Somerset Road and destroyed. A number of those noted by Colonel Botha in 1907 as of early date or historical interest are no longer in evidence :

Susanna, wife of John Claiden, Provost Marshal (1799).
Captain Charles Mackenzie, 74th Regiment (1800).
Margaret, wife of Major S. D. Dalrymple, Madras Artillery (1809).
Elizabeth, wife of Major-General F. A. Wetherell (1809). A slab of 1811, one of 1812 and two of 1813.
John Pringle, Agent of the East India Company (1815).
Deborah, widow of Major R. Coxon, 1st Ceylon Regiment (1819).

Lt.-Colonel John Graham (1821), the founder of Grahamstown. A window was erected to his memory in St. Saviour’s, Claremont, in about 1931. If there were people interested in him as late as that there seems to be a hope that his tombstone also has been saved but I have not managed to trace it.

Joseph Luson (1822), Agent to the East India Company.

To the above list I can add the names of a few other persons of historical importance. Nearly all these are known to have had tombs at Somerset Road and the remainder can quite safely be assumed to have had them. I am sure this list could be greatly extended, especially in the Dutch section.

Louis Thibault (1815): the great architect. Arthur Elliott photographed the stone in or soon after 1900. In the published list of Elliott’s photographs the exact position of the stone, in what is now Lower Buitengracht, is given.’ The loss is all the more grievous because the slab was carved by his great friend Anton Anreith.” We are told that when Thibault died Anreith was ” so affected by the occurrence that he carved the name Thiboult instead of Thibault.”

Anton Anreith (1821): the sculptor. His tomb is said to have been either in the military or in the Dutch’ cemetery.

Ellen Maria Warden : wife of John Warden of the Bombay Civil Service (1829). Her husband ordered a tablet which was carved by the leading English sculptor John Bacon the Younger. As the Anglican church had not yet been built the tablet was placed on her tomb.

William Wilberforce Bird (1836): Bird was a cousin of William Wilberforce and, after being Whig member of parliament for Coventry, he was in charge of released slaves at the Cape and later Controller of Customs.
Lady D’Urban (1845): wife of the former Cape Governor Sir Benjamin D’Urban.

Baron von Ludwig (1847): leading citizen and founder of one of the first botanic gardens.

Hamilton Ross (1853) : Ross, in his younger days a friend of the Duke of Wellington, left the Army and became one of the earliest English merchants in Cape Town and presently one of its most important. He was also an early member of the Cape Legislative Council.

Sir John Wylde (1859): Chief Justice.

Andrew Geddes Bain: the road builder (1864). His burial is shown in the register of St. George’s Cathedral but Mrs. Lister remembered his large tombstone as being in the Scottish cemetery. It was enclosed in an iron railing and purple verbena grew thickly round it.’ Mr. I. Mitford-Barberton says that Bain’s remains were moved to Maitland but I have been unable to trace the stone. Do you want to find out more about Historical Graves in South Africa

References

Article by R. Rau in Africana Notes and News, September 1967, vol. 17, No. 7, p. 308.
Genealogists’ Magazine, March 1950 and 1951.
Burials register of St. George’s Cathedral, Cape Town. 19 December 1811.
Eric Rosenthal’s S.A. Dictionary of National Biography gives year of death as 1812. A brass plate below the slab explains that it was moved from the Dutch cemetery at Somerset Road in September 1907.
The Cape-quaint and beautiful, by Victor de Kock, Cape Town, Citadel Press, 1938.
Anton Anreith, by C. de Bosdari, Cape Town, Balkema, 1954.
South Africa through the Centuries, by W. R. Morrison, Cape Town, Miller, 1930.
Reminiscences of Georgina Lister, Johannesburg, Africana Museum, 1960.
Article in Familia, vol. 1-2, 1966.
By R. R. Langham Carter

Source: Africana Notes & News September 1968 Vol. 18, No. 3

Acknowledgments: Museum Afrika